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( in this case brought an action against, ) Tj
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(inter alia) Tj
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(Indian tribes') Tj
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(2) Tj
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(anthropological and archaeological discoveries of the late) Tj
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(twentieth century, and challenging the Interior Department's) Tj
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(larly and commonly as ) Tj
(�Kennewick Man,) Tj
(� but known as ) Tj
(�the) Tj
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(Ancient One) Tj
(� to some American Indians) Tj
4.9 Ts
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(3) Tj
0 Ts
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( who now inhabit) Tj
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(to the site on the Columbia River at Kennewick, Washington,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.96 Tw
(where the bones were found. From the perspective of the) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.57 Tw
(scientists-Plaintiffs, this skeleton is an irreplaceable source of) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
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(information about early New World populations that warrants) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
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(careful scientific inquiry to advance knowledge of distant) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
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(times. Yet, from the perspective of the intervenor-Indian) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.3 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.92 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Plaintiffs are experts in their respective fields. Plaintiff Bonnichsen is) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
.02 Tw
(Director of the Center for the Study of the First Americans at Oregon State) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(University. Plaintiff Brace is Curator of Biological Anthropology at the) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.23 Tw
(University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. Plaintiffs Gill, Haynes,) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.46 Tw
(Jantz, and Steele are anthropology professors. Plaintiff Owsley is division) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.31 Tw
(head for physical anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution's National) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.53 Tw
(Museum of Natural History. Plaintiff Stanford is Director of the Smithso-) Tj
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(nian's Paleo Indian Program. ) Tj
10 -14.1 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.38 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
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(The Tribal Claimants�present in this appeal as intervenors�are the) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
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(Confederated Tribes & Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation, the Nez Perce) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(Tribe of Idaho, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reserva-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(tion, and the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. ) Tj
10 -14.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.78 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(We use the term ) Tj
(�American Indian) Tj
(� because the definition of ) Tj
(�Native) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(American,) Tj
(� as used in Native American Graves Protection and Repatria-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
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(tion Act, is a disputed issue in this appeal. ) Tj
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(district court held in favor of the scientists-Plaintiffs.) Tj
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(Secretary of the Interior and the intervenor-Indian tribes) Tj
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(appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. �) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(affirm the judgment of the district court barring the transfer) Tj
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(of the skeleton for immediate burial and instead permitting) Tj
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(I) Tj
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(In July 1996, teenagers going to a boat race discovered a) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
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(just outside Kennewick, Washington.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The remains were) Tj
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(found on federal property under the management of the) Tj
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(United States Army Corps of Engineers \() Tj
(�Corps) Tj
(�\) and, at the) Tj
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0 -13.3 Td
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(an anthropologist, Dr. James Chatters, pursuant to an Archae-) Tj
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(ological Resources Protection Act of 1979 \() Tj
(�ARPA) Tj
(�\), 16) Tj
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(U.S.C. ��) Tj
( ) Tj
(470aa-470mm, permit. Because of physical features) Tj
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(such as the shape of the skull and facial bones, anthropolo-) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.2 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.7 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The district court has issued three published opinions in this case. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
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(Bonnichsen v. United States) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 969 F. Supp. 614 \(D. Or. 1997\) \(denying) Tj
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(Defendants' motion to dismiss based on failure to state a claim and ripe-) Tj
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(ness grounds\) \() Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen I\)) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen v. United States) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 969 F. Supp.) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
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(628 \(D. Or. 1997\) \() Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen II) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(\) \(denying Defendants' motion for sum-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
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(mary judgment and vacating the government's disposition of the Kennew-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.23 Tw
(ick Man's remains\); ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen v. United States) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 217 F. Supp. 2d 1116) Tj
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(\(D. Or. 2002\) \() Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen III) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(\) \(again vacating the government's disposi-) Tj
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(tion of the Kennewick Man's remains\). ) Tj
10 -14.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.27 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Our rendition of the facts is adapted from the district court's third pub-) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
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(lished opinion in this case. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See Bonnichsen v. United States) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 217 F. Supp.) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.55 Tw
(2d 1116 \(D. Or. 2002\). No party on appeal disputes the district court's) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
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(findings of fact, which are supported by the administrative record. ) Tj
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(gists at first thought the remains were those of an early Euro-) Tj
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(pean settler. But the anthropologists then found a stone) Tj
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(projectile point embedded in the skeleton's upper hip bone.) Tj
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(The object's design, when viewed with x-rays and CT scans) Tj
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(years old.) Tj
4.9 Ts
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.5 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
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(The skeleton attracted attention because some of its physi-) Tj
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(cal features, such as the shape of the face and skull, differed) Tj
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(Owsley, Division Head for Physical Anthropology at the) Tj
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1.76 Tw
(Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., made arrange-) Tj
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2.96 Tw
(ments for Dr. Chatters to bring this important find to the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History for fur-) Tj
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(ther study.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.4 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.14 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Human skeletons this old are rare in the Western Hemisphere, and) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
1.03 Tw
(most found have consisted of only fragmented remains. The record indi-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.29 Tw
(cates that less than twelve securely dated human crania older than 8000) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.55 Tw
(years have been found in the United States. By contrast, about 90 percent) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.62 Tw
(of this skeleton was recovered in good condition. Dr. Chatters testified in) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.97 Tw
(an affidavit: ) Tj
(�The Kennewick Man skeleton is virtually intact. It lacks) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(only the sternum and a few small nondiagnostic bones of the hands and) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.79 Tw
(the feet. Although some of the ribs and other long bones are fragmented,) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.9 Tw
(they can be reconstructed. The skull and the lower jaw are complete and) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.28 Tw
(are not deformed. The bones of the skeleton are extremely well preserved,) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
3.17 Tw
(with only minor surface mineralization and little if any evidence of) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(decay.� ) Tj
10 -14.2 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.14 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., is the world's largest) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
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(museum complex, with fourteen museums in the District of Columbia and) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
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(over 90 affiliate museums. The National Museum of Natural History, part) Tj
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(Indian tribes from the area of the Columbia River opposed) Tj
-12 -13.7 Td
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(scientific study of the remains on religious and social grounds.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.7 Td
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(Four Indian groups \(the ) Tj
(�Tribal Claimants) Tj
(�\) demanded that) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
.63 Tw
(the remains be turned over to them for immediate burial. The) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
.58 Tw
(Tribal Claimants based their demand on the Native American) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
3.61 Tw
(Graves Protection and Repatriation Act \() Tj
(�NAGPRA) Tj
(�\), 25) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
3.92 Tw
(U.S.C. �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.92 Tw
(3001 ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(et seq) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. The Corps agreed with the Tribal) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
1.32 Tw
(Claimants and, citing NAGPRA, seized the remains on Sep-) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
1.3 Tw
(tember 10, 1996, shortly before they could be transported to) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
.28 Tw
(the Smithsonian. The Corps also ordered an immediate halt to) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
1.63 Tw
(DNA testing, which was being done using the remainder of) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
.85 Tw
(the bone sample that had been submitted earlier for radiocar-) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
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(bon dating. After investigation, the Corps decided to give the) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
2.52 Tw
(remains to the Tribal Claimants for burial. As required by) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
.14 Tw
(NAGPRA, the Corps published a ) Tj
(�Notice of Intent to Repatri-) Tj
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(ate Human Remains) Tj
(� in a local newspaper on September 17,) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(1996, and September 24, 1996. ) Tj
12 -27.1 Td
0 Tw
(The scientists and others, including the Smithsonian Institu-) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -26.9 Td
1.36 Tw
(of the Smithsonian Institution, was established in 1910 and ) Tj
(�is home to) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.92 Tw
(about 185 professional natural history scientists, the largest group of sci-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.94 Tw
(entists dedicated to the study of the natural and cultural history in the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.73 Tw
(world.� National Museum of Natural History Research & Collections) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1 Tw
(Home Page, http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc/. ) Tj
10 -14.4 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.25 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(For example, the Tribal Claimants urged that ) Tj
(�[w]hen a body goes into) Tj
-10 -11.6 Td
.87 Tw
(the ground, it is meant to stay there until the end of time. When remains) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.48 Tw
(are disturbed and remain above the ground, their spirits are at unrest . . . .) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.45 Tw
(To put these spirits at ease, the remains must be returned to the ground as) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.6 Tw
(soon as possible.) Tj
(� ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen III) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 217 F. Supp. 2d at 1121 \(quoting Joint) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.05 Tw
(Tribal Amici Memorandum \(1997\) at 4-5\). We note that the Ethnic Minor-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.72 Tw
(ity Council of America, in its ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(amicus) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( brief, urges that: ) Tj
(�Potential descen-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.9 Tw
(dants [of Kennewick Man] may not be members of the Joint Tribal) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.22 Tw
(Claimants or believe in the expressed `Indian' religious interpretations) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.55 Tw
(made by the political leaders of the tribes.) Tj
(� Further, as suggested by) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.09 Tw
(amicus) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( Ohio Archaeological Council, in the absence of a conclusive deter-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.8 Tw
(mination of cultural affiliation, the Tribal Claimants cannot establish that) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.81 Tw
(permitting Plaintiffs-scientists to study the Kennewick Man's remains) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1 Tw
(offends their religious views or customs. ) Tj
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(tion, objected to the Corps' decision, arguing that the remains) Tj
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(were a rare discovery of national and international signifi-) Tj
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(cance. In late September and early October 1996, several sci-) Tj
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(entists asked Major General Ernest J. Herrell, Commander of) Tj
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(the Corps' North Pacific Division, to allow qualified scientists) Tj
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(to study the remains. ) Tj
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(The scientists did not convince the Corps to permit them to) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
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(study the remains, and commenced this litigation on October) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
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(16, 1996, in the United States District Court for the District) Tj
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(of Oregon. In an opinion issued June 27, 1997, the district court) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(9) Tj
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(denied the Corps' motion for summary judgment, finding that) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
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(the Corps had ) Tj
(�acted before it had all of the evidence,) Tj
(� ) Tj
(�did) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
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(not fully consider or resolve certain difficult legal questions,) Tj
(�) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.71 Tw
(and ) Tj
(�assumed facts that proved to be erroneous.) Tj
(� ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
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(II) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 969 F. Supp. 628, 645 \(D. Or. 1997\). The district court) Tj
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(vacated the Corps' earlier decision on disposition of the) Tj
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(remains and remanded the case to the Corps for further pro-) Tj
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(ceedings. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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( at 644-45. The district court also denied, without) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.28 Tw
(prejudice, Plaintiffs' motion to study the remains and directed) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
6.33 Tw
(the Corps to consider, on remand, ) Tj
(�whether to grant) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.16 Tw
([P]laintiffs' request [under ARPA] for permission to study the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(remains.) Tj
(� ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 632, 651. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
2.47 Tw
(On March 24, 1998, the Corps and the Secretary of the) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.58 Tw
(Interior entered into an agreement that effectively assigned to) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.1 Tw
(the Secretary responsibility to decide whether the remains) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.62 Tw
(were ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
(� under NAGPRA, and to determine) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.28 Tw
(their proper disposition. The Department of the Interior then) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(assumed the role of lead agency on this case. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
.81 Tw
(Almost two years after this matter was remanded, the Sec-) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
1.41 Tw
(retary's experts began to examine the remains in detail. The) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.61 Tw
(experts estimated that Kennewick Man was 5) Tj
0 Ts
/F3 12 Tf 100 Tz
(�) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.61 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F3 12 Tf 100 Tz
(�) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( to 5) Tj
0 Ts
/F3 12 Tf 100 Tz
(�) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.61 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F3 12 Tf 100 Tz
(�) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.34 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The parties agreed that the magistrate judge's determinations would be) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.65 Tw
(final and not subject to review by the district court. We refer to the opin-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
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(ions of the magistrate judge as that of the district court. ) Tj
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(tall, 45 to 50 years of age when he died, and 15 to 20 years) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.14 Tw
(old when the projectile point became embedded in his hip.) Tj
0 -13 Td
.18 Tw
(The experts could not determine, from non-destructive exami-) Tj
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2.83 Tw
(nation of the skeleton alone, when Kennewick Man lived.) Tj
0 -13 Td
.71 Tw
(However, analysis of sediment layers where the skeleton was) Tj
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(found supported the hypothesis that the remains dated back) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(not less than 7600 years ago and Kennewick Man could have) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.45 Tw
(lived more than 9000 years ago \(the date indicated by the ini-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(tial radiocarbon dating of the skeleton\). Further study of the) Tj
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1.12 Tw
(sediment was recommended, but the Corps' decision to bury) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.5 Tw
(the discovery site in April 1998 prevented completion of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(those studies.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(10) Tj
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
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(The experts compared the physical characteristics of the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.75 Tw
(remains�e.g., measurements of the skull, teeth, and bones�) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(with corresponding measurements from other skeletons. They) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.38 Tw
(concluded that Kennewick Man's remains were unlike those) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.95 Tw
(of any known present-day population, American Indian or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(otherwise. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.81 Tw
(The Secretary's experts cautioned, however, that an appar-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
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(ent lack of physical resemblance between the Kennewick) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.38 Tw
(Man's remains and present-day American Indians did not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(completely rule out the possibility that the remains might be) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(biologically ancestral to modern American Indians. Moreover,) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -25.8 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.94 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The Corps buried the discovery site of the remains under approxi-) Tj
-10 -11.1 Td
1.13 Tw
(mately two million pounds of rubble and dirt, topped with 3700 willow,) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.11 Tw
(dogwood, and cottonwood plants. The lengthy administrative record that) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.39 Tw
(Defendants filed with the district court documents only a portion of the) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.49 Tw
(process by which the decision to bury the site was made. Nevertheless,) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.12 Tw
(that record suggested to the district court that the Corps' primary objective) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.69 Tw
(in covering the site was to prevent additional remains or artifacts from) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.42 Tw
(being discovered, not to ) Tj
(�preserve) Tj
(� the site's archaeological value or to) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.5 Tw
(remedy a severe erosion control problem as Defendants represented. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bon-) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.4 Tw
(nichsen III) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 217 F. Supp. 2d at 1125. Burial of the discovery site hindered) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(efforts to verify the age of Kennewick Man's remains, and effectively) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.39 Tw
(ended efforts to determine whether other artifacts are present at the site) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.83 Tw
(which might shed light on the relationship between the remains and con-) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1 Tw
(temporary American Indians. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 1126. ) Tj
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(although Kennewick Man's morphological traits did not) Tj
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(closely resemble those of modern American Indian popula-) Tj
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(tions, the Secretary's experts noted that Kennewick Man's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(physical attributes are generally consistent with the very small) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(number of human remains from this period that have been) Tj
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(found in North America. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
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(Relying solely on the age of the remains and the fact that) Tj
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(the remains were found within the United States, on January) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
6.33 Tw
(13, 2000, the Secretary pronounced Kennewick Man's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(remains ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
(� within NAGPRA's meaning. And) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(on September 25, 2000, the Secretary determined that a pre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(ponderance of the evidence supported the conclusion that the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.78 Tw
(Kennewick remains were culturally affiliated with present-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
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(day Indian tribes. For this reason, the Secretary announced his) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.77 Tw
(final decision to award Kennewick Man's remains to a coali-) Tj
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.17 Tw
(tion of the Tribal Claimants. The Corps and the Secretary also) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(denied Plaintiffs' request to study the remains. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
1.66 Tw
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-12 -13.2 Td
.57 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
9.6 Tw
(Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
9.6 Tw
(706\(2\)\(A\)) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.12 Tw
(\(�APA�\), on the ground that the Secretary improperly con-) Tj
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(cluded that NAGPRA applies.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(11) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen III) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 217 F. Supp.) Tj
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(2d 1138-39. The district court also held that, because NAG-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.17 Tw
(PRA did not apply, Plaintiffs should have the opportunity to) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.61 Tw
(study Kennewick Man's remains under ARPA. Defendants) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.94 Tw
(11) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The district court also held that even if NAGPRA applied: \(1\) the) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.06 Tw
(remains were not ) Tj
(�culturally affiliated) Tj
(� with the Tribal Claimants; \(2\) only) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.67 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
1.63 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
1.19 Tw
(�aboriginal occupation) Tj
(� of the discovery site was not a proper reason to) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.55 Tw
(give the Tribal Claimants the remains. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Bonnichsen III, ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(217 F. Supp. 2d at) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.1 Tw
(1158. Because we conclude ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(infra) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( that NAGPRA does not apply to Ken-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.53 Tw
(newick Man's remains, we do not need to reach and we do not review) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(these additional holdings of the district court. ) Tj
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1.2 Tw
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4.9 Ts
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(12) Tj
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145.332 -26.5 Td
(II) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
-133.332 -26.5 Td
.52 Tw
(We first address an issue of jurisdiction. The Tribal Claim-) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
2.5 Tw
(ants argue that we lack jurisdiction because: \(1\) Plaintiffs') Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.82 Tw
(alleged injuries are not ) Tj
(�redressable) Tj
(� by court action, and \(2\)) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.16 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(NAGPRA because Plaintiffs do not seek to invoke interests) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(within the ) Tj
(�zone of interests) Tj
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
145.668 -26.5 Td
(A) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
-133.668 -26.5 Td
3.71 Tw
([1]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( As a general rule, the three constitutional standing) Tj
-12 -13.3 Td
.33 Tw
(requirements are imposed by the ) Tj
(�case) Tj
(� or ) Tj
(�controversy) Tj
(� pro-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(vision of Article III:) Tj
22 -26.4 Td
.41 Tw
(\(1\) that the plaintiff have suffered an ) Tj
(�injury in fact) Tj
(�) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(. . . ; \(2\) that there be a causal connection between) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.27 Tw
(the injury and the conduct complained of . . . ; and) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.77 Tw
(\(3\) that it be likely, as opposed to merely specula-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.96 Tw
(tive, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(decision. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -26.4 Td
3.96 Tw
(Bennett v. Spear) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 520 U.S. 154, 167 \(1997\). The Tribal) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.06 Tw
(Claimants do not dispute that Plaintiffs meet the first two con-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.91 Tw
(stitutional standing requirements, and we so hold. But the) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.03 Tw
(Tribal Claimants argue that Plaintiffs do not meet the third) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.1 Tw
(requirement. The Tribal Claimants contend that Plaintiffs can-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.66 Tw
(not show that the alleged injury, losing the opportunity to) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.2 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.38 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(An additional appellant, Joseph P. Siofele, argues that Kennewick) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(Man's remains are Polynesian, that Siofele is Kennewick Man's descen-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.78 Tw
(dant, and that Kennewick Man's remains properly belong to him. Siofele) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(appeals ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(pro se) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( from the district court's denial of his untimely motion to) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(intervene. We resolve Siofele's appeal in a separate disposition. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
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(would be illogical. ) Tj
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([3]) Tj
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(B) Tj
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(NITED) Tj
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( S) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Id) Tj
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(added\). ) Tj
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(at face value,) Tj
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(this chapter.) Tj
(� 520 U.S. at 165 & n.2; 16 U.S.C. �) Tj
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( ) Tj
.72 Tw
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(, 409 U.S. 205, 210-) Tj
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(]) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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(Bennett ) Tj
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(,) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(14) Tj
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1.11 Tw
(14) Tj
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([7]) Tj
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(�) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.32 Tw
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2.14 Tw
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(gering the second inquiry of determining which persons or) Tj
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([8]) Tj
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( The parties dispute whether the remains of Kennewick) Tj
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( ) Tj
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.48 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
.16 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
.68 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
1.39 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
.97 Tw
(victims of a mistaken over-enforcement of �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.97 Tw
(3002\(a\) is within the provi-) Tj
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4.9 Ts
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(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.85 Tw
(tense ) Tj
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0 -13 Td
1.66 Tw
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.62 Tw
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.88 Tw
(15) Tj
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.1 Td
1.73 Tw
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.1 Td
2.14 Tw
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( ) Tj
2.14 Tw
(1365) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.94 Tw
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.25 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.78 Tw
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.1 Td
1.25 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
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(U.S.C.] �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.06 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.1 Td
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(�\); ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.1 Td
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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2.41 Tw
(H.R. Rep. No. 101-877, at 4369 \(1990\) \() Tj
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0 -13 Td
.33 Tw
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0 -13 Td
4.47 Tw
(objects of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
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10 -25.7 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.92 Tw
(16) Tj
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-10 -11.1 Td
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0 -11.1 Td
.38 Tw
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1.32 Tw
([10]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Despite the statute's language and legislative history,) Tj
-12 -13 Td
3.38 Tw
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4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.83 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.07 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
1.46 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
1.62 Tw
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2.22 Tw
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
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([11]) Tj
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( The Secretary finally argues that, under ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Chevron) Tj
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.42 Tw
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(�Native Ameri-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
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(�Native Ameri-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.15 Tw
(can� to mean ) Tj
(�of, or relating to, a tribe, people, or culture) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.53 Tw
(indigenous to the United States.) Tj
(� 43 C.F.R. �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.53 Tw
(10.2\(d\). The) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
(Secretary's regulation, enacted through notice and comment) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.71 Tw
(rulemaking, defines Native American exactly as NAGPRA) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.22 Tw
(defines it, with one critical exception: the regulation omits the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.24 Tw
(present-tense phrase ) Tj
(�that is.) Tj
(� ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Compare ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(25 U.S.C. �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.24 Tw
(3001\(9\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(\() Tj
(�) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(a culture that is indigenous) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( to the United States) Tj
(�\) \(emphasis) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(added\) ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(with) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( 43 C.F.R. �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.66 Tw
(10.2\(d\) \() Tj
(�) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(a culture indigenous) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( to the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(United States) Tj
(�\) \(emphasis added\). We hold, for the reasons) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.38 Tw
(discussed above, that NAGPRA's requirement that Native) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.41 Tw
(American remains bear some relationship to a ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(presently exist-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.43 Tw
(ing) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( tribe, people, or culture is unambiguous, and that the Sec-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(retary's contrary interpretation therefore is not owed ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Chevron) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
(deference. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Chevron) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 467 U.S. at 842-43 \() Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
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(Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court,) Tj
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156 -136.5 Td
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( v. U) Tj
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(NITED) Tj
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(see also Wilderness Soc'y) Tj
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(WL 23025466, at *6 \(9th Cir. Dec. 30, 2003\) \(en banc\) ) Tj
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(under these canons, or other traditional means of determining) Tj
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(contrary interpretation.) Tj
(�\). Moreover, the Secretary's regula-) Tj
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0 -13.3 Td
.92 Tw
(invalid for that reason. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass'ns) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.88 Tw
(531 U.S. 457, 481 \(2001\) \(holding that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Chevron) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( deference is) Tj
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(due only to a ) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(reasonable) Tj
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(trator of an agency) Tj
(�\) \(emphasis added\) \(internal quotation) Tj
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(marks omitted\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pub. Employees Ret. Sys. of Ohio v. Betts) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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(492 U.S. 158, 171 \(1989\) \() Tj
(�[N]o deference is due to agency) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.44 Tw
(interpretations at odds with the plain language of the statute) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.18 Tw
(itself.) Tj
(�\). Finally, the common maxim of statutory construction) Tj
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.87 Tw
(that we must give effect, if possible, to every word Congress) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.2 Tw
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0 -13.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(removing the phrase ) Tj
(�that is.) Tj
(� ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Bennett) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 520 U.S. at 173) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.75 Tw
(\() Tj
(�It is the `cardinal principle of statutory construction' [that) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.47 Tw
(courts must] give effect, if possible, to every clause and word) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(of a statute . . . .) Tj
(�\). We hold that, notwithstanding 43 C.F.R.) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.03 Tw
(�) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.03 Tw
(10.2\(d\), NAGPRA requires that human remains bear a sig-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.08 Tw
(nificant relationship to a ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(presently existing) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( tribe, people, or) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(culture to be considered Native American. The district court) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(did not err in reaching that conclusion. ) Tj
12 -26.5 Td
2.11 Tw
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-12 -13.3 Td
1.75 Tw
(every word Congress used supports our holding that human) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(remains must be related to a currently existing tribe to come) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.95 Tw
(within NAGPRA's protection. Under the Secretary's view of) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.69 Tw
(18) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Because this aspect of NAGPRA is unambiguous, we need not resort) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.24 Tw
(to the ) Tj
(�Indian canon of construction,) Tj
(� under which ) Tj
(�doubtful expressions) Tj
(�) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.92 Tw
(in legislation passed for the benefit of Indian tribes are resolved in favor) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.06 Tw
(of the Indians. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Inc.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 476 U.S.) Tj
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(498, 506 \(1986\). ) Tj
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(pean settlers, that are found in the United States would be) Tj
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(� in the sense that they presumptively) Tj
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0 -13 Td
1.5 Tw
(Secretary here, ) Tj
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(see ) Tj
(supra ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(note 17, would render superfluous) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.55 Tw
(NAGPRA's alternative ) Tj
(�relating to) Tj
(� method for establishing) Tj
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(� \(i.e., if remains are ) Tj
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(or) Tj
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(relating to) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(�\).) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.12 Tw
(If accepted, the Secretary's interpretation would mean that the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.96 Tw
(finding of any remains in the United States ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(in and of itself) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.06 Tw
(would automatically render these remains ) Tj
(�Native American.) Tj
(�) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(This interpretation would leave no meaning for the ) Tj
(�relating) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.44 Tw
(to) Tj
(� clause, unless we were to interpret the clause to cover) Tj
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(clude that Congress intended an absurd result, for Congress) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.16 Tw
(NAGPRA's definition of ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(ing is given to each of its terms. Some remains may be cov-) Tj
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1.94 Tw
(ered because they are remains of a tribe, people, or culture) Tj
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4.37 Tw
(that is indigenous, while other remains may be covered) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(because they are ) Tj
(�related to) Tj
(� a currently existing indigenous) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(tribe, people, or culture. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.61 Tw
(Our analysis is strengthened by contrasting the statutory) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(definition of the adjective ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
(� to the statutory) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(definition of the noun ) Tj
(�Native Hawaiian.) Tj
(� Under �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.71 Tw
(3001\(9\),) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.37 Tw
(�) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.37 Tw
(`Native American' means of, or relating to, a tribe, people) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.73 Tw
(or culture that is indigenous ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(to the United States) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
(� \(Emphasis) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3 Tw
(added\). Under �) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3 Tw
(3001\(10\), ) Tj
(�) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3 Tw
(`Native Hawaiian' means any) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
(individual who is a descendant of the aboriginal people who,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(prior to 1778, occupied and exercised sovereignty ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(in the area) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(that now constitutes the State of Hawaii) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
(� \(Emphasis added\).) Tj
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83.0432 0 Td
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1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
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.79 Tw
(NITED) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
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.79 Tw
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(Owings v. Speed) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
1.96 Tw
(This term supports that Congress's use of the present tense) Tj
0 -13 Td
.83 Tw
(\(�that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(is) Tj
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( indigenous) Tj
(�\) referred to tribes, peoples, and cultures) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(�the) Tj
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(�\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.47 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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(culture to be considered ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
(� is also reinforced) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(by how NAGPRA defines ) Tj
(�sacred objects.) Tj
(� NAGPRA defines) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.81 Tw
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(� as ) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
2.05 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(by their) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(present day adherents) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.95 Tw
(3001\(3\)\(C\) \(emphasis) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
.94 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
2.25 Tw
(the practice of an American Indian religion by ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(present-day) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(peoples. This reading is consistent with our reading of ) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(tive American) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.96 Tw
(between an artifact and a presently existing peoples for the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(artifact to be a ) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
(a relationship between a set of remains and a presently exist-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.6 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(American) Tj
(� under NAGPRA. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
0 Tw
(Although NAGPRA does not specify precisely what ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(kind) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( of) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(a relationship or precisely ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(how strong) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( a relationship ancient) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(human remains must bear to modern Indian groups to qualify) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(as Native American, NAGPRA's legislative history provides) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.74 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs emphasized) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(in its report on NAGPRA that the statute was being enacted) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(with modern-day American Indians' identifiable ) Tj
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( in) Tj
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434 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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.79 Tw
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1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
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.79 Tw
(NITED) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
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.79 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.8 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.8 Td
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.8 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 4369 \() Tj
(�For many years,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.33 Tw
(Indian tribes have attempted to have the remains and funerary) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
5.14 Tw
(objects of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(their ancestors ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(returned to them.) Tj
(� \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.9 Tw
(added\)\). Human remains that are 8340 to 9200 years old and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.38 Tw
(that bear only incidental genetic resemblance to modern-day) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(American Indians, along with incidental genetic resemblance) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.37 Tw
(to other peoples, cannot be said to be the Indians' ) Tj
(�ancestors) Tj
(�) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.26 Tw
(within Congress's meaning. Congress enacted NAGPRA to) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
4.08 Tw
(give American Indians control over the remains of their) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.15 Tw
(genetic and cultural forbearers, not over the remains of people) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.58 Tw
(bearing no special and significant genetic or cultural relation-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.07 Tw
(ship to some presently existing indigenous tribe, people, or) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(culture. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.4 Td
.88 Tw
([12]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The age of Kennewick Man's remains, given the lim-) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.84 Tw
(ited studies to date, makes it almost impossible to establish) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.85 Tw
(any) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( relationship between the remains and presently existing) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.78 Tw
(American Indians. At least no significant relationship has yet) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.96 Tw
(been shown. We cannot give credence to an interpretation of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.33 Tw
(NAGPRA advanced by the government and the Tribal Claim-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.8 Tw
(ants that would apply its provisions to remains that have at) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.75 Tw
(most a tenuous, unknown, and unproven connection, asserted) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(solely because of the geographical location of the find.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
143.334 -25.4 Td
(IV) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
-131.334 -25.4 Td
.95 Tw
([13]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Finally, we address the Secretary's determination that) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.81 Tw
(Kennewick Man's remains are Native American, as defined) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.63 Tw
(by NAGPRA. We must set aside the Secretary's decision if) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.17 Tw
(it was ) Tj
(�arbitrary) Tj
(� or ) Tj
(�capricious) Tj
(� because the decision was) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
8.71 Tw
(based on inadequate factual support. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(5 U.S.C.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.58 Tw
(�) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.58 Tw
(706\(2\)\(A\). We review the full agency record to determine) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.78 Tw
(whether substantial evidence) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(19) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( supports the agency's decision) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -25.3 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.25 Tw
(19) Tj
0 Ts
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See Wileman Bros. & Elliott, Inc. v. Espy) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 58 F.3d 1367, 1374-75 \(9th) Tj
-10 -10.9 Td
.2 Tw
(Cir. 1995\) \() Tj
(�When the arbitrary and capricious standard is performing that) Tj
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83.0432 0 Td
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ONNICHSEN) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NITED) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(TATES) Tj
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(that Kennewick Man is ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
(� within NAG-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.46 Tw
(PRA's meaning. Here, after reviewing the record, we con-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
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(clude that the record does not contain substantial evidence) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(that Kennewick Man's remains are Native American within) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(NAGPRA's meaning.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(20) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.21 Tw
(The administrative record contains no evidence�let alone) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
4.6 Tw
(substantial evidence�that Kennewick Man's remains are) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(connected by some special or significant genetic or cultural) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.14 Tw
(relationship to any presently existing indigenous tribe, people,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.78 Tw
(or culture. An examination of the record demonstrates the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(absence of evidence that Kennewick Man and modern tribes) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(share significant genetic or cultural features.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(21) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.6 Td
2.52 Tw
([14]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( No cognizable link exists between Kennewick Man) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
3.95 Tw
(and modern Columbia Plateau Indians. When Kennewick) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
5.5 Tw
(Man's remains were discovered, local coroners initially) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -26.3 Td
2.28 Tw
(function of assuring factual support, there is no substantive difference) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(between what it requires and what would be required by the substantial) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
4.45 Tw
(evidence test.) Tj
(�\) \(internal quotation marks omitted\), ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(rev'd on other) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(grounds) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 521 U.S. 457 \(1997\). Substantial evidence means such relevant) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.46 Tw
(evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a con-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.04 Tw
(clusion. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Richardson v. Perales) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 402 U.S. 389, 401 \(1971\). We consider the) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.9 Tw
(record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evi-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.09 Tw
(dence that detracts from the Secretary's decision. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See Mayes v. Massanari) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(276 F.3d 453, 459 \(9th Cir. 2001\). ) Tj
10 -14.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.22 Tw
(20) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(In so holding, we necessarily determine that no reasonable person) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
.61 Tw
(could conclude on this record that Kennewick Man is ) Tj
(�Native American) Tj
(�) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.18 Tw
(under NAGPRA. See ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Allentown Mack Sales & Serv., Inc. v. NLRB) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 522) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.3 Tw
(U.S. 359, 366-67 \(1998\) \(holding that under the substantial evidence stan-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.74 Tw
(dard the reviewing court ) Tj
(�must decide whether on this record it would) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.19 Tw
(have been possible for a reasonable jury to reach the [agency's] conclu-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(sion�\). ) Tj
10 -14.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.58 Tw
(21) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(As pointed out by ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(amici) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( Texas Historical Commission, under the) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
.31 Tw
(framework proposed by the government and the Tribal Claimants, as soon) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.85 Tw
(as any remains are determined to be pre-Columbian, ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(any) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( study or testing) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.65 Tw
(of such remains would have to stop. This blanket prohibition could result) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
2.72 Tw
(in improper disposition of remains to parties wholly unrelated to the) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(remains. ) Tj
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(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ONNICHSEN) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NITED) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(TATES) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8.4 Td
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0 Tc
(believed the remains were those of a European, not a Native) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
.08 Tw
(American, because of their appearance. Later testing by scien-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
.81 Tw
(tists demonstrated that the cranial measurements and features) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
2 Tw
(of Kennewick Man most closely resemble those of Polyne-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.62 Tw
(sians and southern Asians, and that Kennewick Man's mea-) Tj
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1.16 Tw
(surements and features differ significantly from those of any) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(modern Indian group living in North America.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(22) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -27.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(Scant or no evidence of cultural similarities between Ken-) Tj
-12 -13.8 Td
2.36 Tw
(newick Man and modern Indians exists. One of the Secre-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
.05 Tw
(tary's experts, Dr. Kenneth Ames, reported that ) Tj
(�the empirical) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.57 Tw
(gaps in the record preclude establishing cultural continuities) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
2.32 Tw
(or discontinuities, particularly before about 5000 B.C.) Tj
(� Dr.) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
.95 Tw
(Ames noted that, although there was overwhelming evidence) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
4.25 Tw
(that many aspects of the ) Tj
(�Plateau Pattern) Tj
(� were present) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
2.44 Tw
(between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 1, ) Tj
(�the empirical record pre-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
4.86 Tw
(cludes establishing cultural continuities or discontinuities) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.21 Tw
(across increasingly remote periods.) Tj
(� He noted that the avail-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.52 Tw
(able evidence is insufficient either to prove or disprove cul-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.25 Tw
(tural or group continuity dating back earlier than 5000 B.C.,) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
4.33 Tw
(which is the case with regard to the Kennewick Man's) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
2.12 Tw
(remains, and that there is evidence that substantial changes) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.85 Tw
(occurred in settlement, housing, diet, trade, subsistence pat-) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.95 Tw
(terns, technology, projectile point styles, raw materials, and) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
1.41 Tw
(mortuary rituals at various times between the estimated date) Tj
0 -13.8 Td
.11 Tw
(when Kennewick Man lived and the beginning of the ) Tj
(�Plateau) Tj
0 -13.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Culture) Tj
(� some 2000 to 3000 years ago. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -27.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.02 Tw
(22) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(In a letter announcing his final decision that Kennewick Man is Native) Tj
-10 -11.6 Td
1 Tw
(American, the Secretary acknowledged this discontinuity: ) Tj
18 -16.8 Td
2.75 Tw
([T]hat the morphological characteristics of the remains differ) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.04 Tw
(from modern day Indian tribes may indicate a cultural discontinu-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.32 Tw
(ity between the two groups, or may indicate that the cultural) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
3 Tw
(group associated with the Kennewick Man may have subse-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.4 Tw
(quently intermixed with other groups migrating into or through) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.16 Tw
(the region, leading to changes in the morphological characteris-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1 Tw
(tics of the group. ) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NITED) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(Dr. Ames' conclusions about the impossibility of establish-) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.1 Tw
(ing cultural continuity between Kennewick Man and modern) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.25 Tw
(Indians is confirmed by other evidence that the Secretary) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.34 Tw
(credited. For example, the Secretary acknowledges that the) Tj
0 -13 Td
.85 Tw
(record shows that there were no villages or permanent settle-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.2 Tw
(ments in the Columbia Plateau region 9000 years ago and that) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.28 Tw
(human populations then were small and nomadic, traveling) Tj
0 -13 Td
.1 Tw
(long distances in search of food and raw materials. The Secre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.23 Tw
(tary's experts determined, and the Secretary acknowledged,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.11 Tw
(that it was not until 2000 to 3000 years ago that populations) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(began to settle into the villages and bands that may have been) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(the antecedents of modern Indian tribes something like those) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.46 Tw
(encountered by European settlers and colonists. As the Secre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(tary summarized, ) Tj
(�[c]ultural discontinuities are suggested by) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.41 Tw
(evidence that the cultural group existing 8500-9500 years ago) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(was likely small in size and highly mobile while the Plateau) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
(culture consisted o[f] larger, more sedentary groups.) Tj
(� ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.75 Tw
(The Secretary also acknowledges that ) Tj
(�there is very little) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(evidence of burial patterns during the 9500-8500 period and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.16 Tw
(significant temporal gaps exist in the mortuary record for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(other periods.) Tj
(� So, even if we assume that Kennewick Man) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.3 Tw
(was part of a stable social group living in the area, it still) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.36 Tw
(would be impossible to say whether his group's burial prac-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(tices were related to modern tribes' burial practices. The Sec-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.96 Tw
(retary also noted that ) Tj
(�the linguistic analysis was unable to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(provide reliable evidence for the 8500-9500 period.) Tj
(� ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.33 Tw
(The Secretary's only evidence, perhaps, of a possible cul-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(tural relationship between Kennewick Man and modern-day) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(American Indians comes in the form of oral histories. One of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
(the Secretary's experts, Dr. Daniel Boxberger, concluded that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.41 Tw
(modern day Plateau tribes' oral histories�some of which can) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(be interpreted to refer to ancient floods, volcanic eruptions,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(and the like�are ) Tj
(�highly suggestive of long-term establish-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(ment of the present-day tribes.) Tj
(� Stated another way, Dr. Box-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(berger noted that oral traditions showed no necessary tale of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(a superseding migration with newer peoples displacing older) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
434 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(5075) Tj
-194.9568 0 Td
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ONNICHSEN) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. U) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NITED) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( S) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(TATES) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(ones. But evidence in the record demonstrates that oral histo-) Tj
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.07 Tw
(ries change relatively quickly, that oral histories may be based) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.85 Tw
(on later observation of geological features and deduction) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(\(rather than on the first teller's witnessing ancient events\), and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.09 Tw
(that these oral histories might be from a culture or group other) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.1 Tw
(than the one to which Kennewick Man belonged. The oral tra-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(ditions relied upon by the Secretary's expert, Dr. Boxberger,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.91 Tw
(entail some published accounts of Native American folk nar-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.51 Tw
(ratives from the Columbia Plateau region, and statements) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.78 Tw
(from individual tribal members. But we conclude that these) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
(accounts are just not specific enough or reliable enough or rel-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(evant enough to show a significant relationship of the Tribal) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.85 Tw
(Claimants with Kennewick Man. Because oral accounts have) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(been inevitably changed in context of transmission, because) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.96 Tw
(the traditions include myths that cannot be considered as if) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.22 Tw
(factual histories, because the value of such accounts is limited) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.52 Tw
(by concerns of authenticity, reliability, and accuracy, and) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.54 Tw
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trailer
<<
/Size 119
/Root 2 0 R
/Info 118 0 R
>>
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%%EOF